Brain Diseases and Disorders

5

through junctions called synapses which are located between axon terminals,

dendrite, or cell body [22]. All activities and memory in the nervous system are

related to the electrical current arising in and traveling between neurons [23].

The corpus callosum network, which consists of a dense neural network,

acts as a bridge between the right and left lobes of the brain, which ensures

the continuous exchange of information. When the corpus callosum is cut, the

communication between these two parts is interrupted and therefore, infor-

mation exchange between them is not possible in any direction. Accordingly,

every learning experience means the formation of new synaptic connections.

Here, learning is observed as a biochemical change. Hebb, who systematized

this theory, also known as the “brain-based learning theory”, argues that the

nature of learning cannot be understood without knowing how the circuits in

the brain work. Within the framework of the findings of the neurophysiology

theory put forward by Hebb, the two hemispheres of the brain process dif-

ferent information [24]. It has been proven that no hemisphere is superior to

the other and that both are needed. In most people, the left hemisphere is

responsible for speech and the right hemisphere is responsible for spatial and

perceptual functions [25].

Expanding upon research on individual mental activity and applying it

to the field of education, Herman developed the theory of brain dominance,

which holds that certain brain regions are used more frequently by different

persons. For instance, it’s suggested that people who learn best with their

left hemispheres of the brains typically learn by reading, whereas people with

their right hemispheres actively learn through seeing and doing [26].

As the studies on the brain hemispheres deepened, it became necessary to

examine the brain by dividing it into quarters. Kolb developed the four-quarter

brain concept in depth. In this model, the brain is divided into four quadrants:

upper-left (A), lower-left (B), lower-right (C), and upper-right (D). According

to this, while logical, factual, critical, technical, quantitative, and discrimina-

tive features are mainly listed as the characteristics of the quadrant A, the

structural, sequential, planned, organized, detailed, and preserving features

constitute the structure of the quadrant B. Relational, emotional, spiritual,

and tactile aspects are revealed in quadrant C, while the dominant brain’s

quadrant D emphasizes visual, intuitive, inventive, imaginative, logical, and

traditional aspects (Figure 1.2) [27]. Information that is verbal, mathemati-

cal, or logical is better processed by the left hemisphere of the brain whereas

information that is perceptual, startling, spatial, holistic, or creative is better

processed by the right hemisphere. Even if it is easy to distinguish between

the two hemispheres of the brain’s functioning as mentioned, this distinction

cannot be made in day-to-day situations since a person’s thought process on

a given topic is typically linked to the functions of both hemispheres [25].

Despite having distinct centers for diverse functions, both hemispheres work

together to accomplish these goals. For instance, by employing color graphs

and diagrams, we can improve the efficiency of the right hemisphere function

when evaluating data with left hemisphere functions. We cannot develop our